Breast cancer is a familiar type of cancer that begins in the breast tissue. It arises when cells in the breast begin to grow and divide uncontrollably, forming a lump or mass known as a tumor. Breast cancer can be classified into different types depending on the existence of certain proteins, such as estrogen, progesterone receptors, and the HER2 protein.
Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) gene is a protein on the cell’s surface. It belongs to the family of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) proteins that regulate cell growth and division. In some cases, this gene can become amplified, leading to an overexpression of the HER2 protein. Hence too much HER2 protein can cause cells to grow and divide more quickly than normal, leading to cancer development. HER2-positive breast cancer is a subtype of breast cancer characterized by overexpression and tested positive for the HER2 gene, which promotes the growth of cancer cells. Diagnosis of HER2-positive breast cancer Diagnosing HER2-positive breast cancer is done through a combination of tests, including a breast biopsy and HER2 testing.
Prevention of HER2-positive breast cancer Several lifestyle changes and strategies may help reduce the risk of developing or detecting the disease early when it is most treatable.
Screening for HER2-positive breast cancer typically involves mammography or other imaging tests, such as breast ultrasound or MRI, to detect abnormalities or changes in breast tissue. The treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer typically involves a combination of surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Perjeta 420 injection (pertuzumab) is a targeted therapy used to treat HER2-positive breast cancer. It works by binding to the HER2 receptor on cancer cells and blocking its ability to signal the growth and division of the cancer cells. This can slow or stop the growth of cancer and potentially shrink tumors. The most common side effects of Perjeta 420 injection is hair loss, sore mouth, constipation, poor appetite, changes in taste, sleeping troubles, nose bleeds, heartburn, nail problems, producing more tears, feeling dizzy, dry and itchy skin,
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Hemophilia A, commonly known as classical hemophilia, is a genetic bleeding disease characterized by low amounts of factor VIII, a blood protein. Factor VIII acts as a clotting factor. Clotting factors are specialized proteins required for proper clotting, which is the process by which blood clumps together to plug a cut and stop bleeding. People with hemophilia A do not bleed faster or more abundantly than healthy people, but they have trouble halting blood flow from a wound because their blood clots poorly. This is known as prolonged bleeding or a prolonged bleeding event. Based on the individual baseline level of factor VIII, hemophilia A can be mild, moderate, or severe.
In mild cases, prolonged bleeding may occur after surgery, dental procedures, or trauma. Symptoms in more severely affected persons may include persistent bleeding from minor wounds, large painful bruises, and unexplainable (spontaneous) bleeding into major organs, joints, and muscles (internal bleeding). It is mostly expressed in men, but some women who carry the mutated gene may have mild, moderate, or severe symptoms of bleeding. Even though there is no permanent cure for hemophilia, effective therapies have been developed where most affected individuals can lead a healthy life by maintaining proper treatment and care. Prevalence Of Hemophilia A Hemophilia A affects one in every 5000 males and accounts for 80% of hemophilia cases. Hemophilia A affects around 400000 males worldwide, with many going undiagnosed even in developed countries. Causes Of Hemophilia A 1. Gene Mutations Interruptions or mutations in the F8 gene located on chromosome X can cause Hemophilia A. These changes may be inherited or occurred randomly with no previous family or genetic history of the disease. Females have two X chromosomal copies. Thus, if the factor VIII gene on one chromosome fails, the gene on the other chromosome can produce enough factor VIII. Whereas men have only one X chromosome, so if factor VIII gene fails they get affected by Hemophilia A more easily. As a result, the majority of persons with hemophilia A are men. 2. Acquired Hemophilia Some people develop hemophilia despite having no family history of the condition. This is known as acquired hemophilia. Acquired hemophilia is when the immune system assaults the clotting factor VIII or IX in the blood. It is related with:
Some persons acquire hemophilia at birth. The very low clotting factor type classifies congenital hemophilia. Common Signs And Symptoms Of Hemophilia Bleeding is the most common symptom found in hemophilia patients. Bleeding can occur in the following ways,
1. Laboratory studies are used to suspect or diagnose hemophilia. Those tests include.
Management Of Hemophilia A Administration of recombinant factor VIII replacement is recommended in hemophilia A patient for treating acute bleeding. For severe, life-threatening bleeding, administering factor VIII will attain a 100% desired factor VIII level; for mild to moderate bleeding, administering factor VIII will help achieve a 30% to 50% goal factor VIII level. Other Pharmaceutical adjuvant therapies include desmopressin, epsilon aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, and managing factor VIII inhibitors. Alphanate Injection contains human coagulation factor VIII. It is used to treat classical hemophilia (hemophilia A). This Injection is used to control or prevent bleeding episodes in individuals with hemophilia. It also helps during surgery on hemophilic individuals. Alphanate Injection temporarily replaces the missing clotting factor and prevents bleeding. Female Infertility
Female infertility is the inability to conceive and carry a healthy pregnancy. Once a woman has tried to become pregnant (through unprotected intercourse) for 12 months without getting pregnant, she is diagnosed with this condition. At least 10% of women experience some form of infertility. As a woman ages, her odds of being infertile increase. Infertility is also referred to as a cycle of miscarriages. In recent years infertility has become a common condition in women. Causes Of Female Infertility 1. Anovulation Ovulatory problems account for 25% of all obvious causes of female infertility. Infertility develops from oligo-ovulation or anovulation because no oocyte is released monthly. There is no possibility of fertilization or pregnancy without an oocyte. Ovulatory abnormalities are classified into four types by the World Health Organization. 2. Endometriosis Endometriosis is characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity. The histological detection of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterus is used to diagnose. Endometriosis is most commonly detected in the pelvis but can spread across the abdomen, affecting 10% to 15% of women of reproductive age, whereas 40% to 50% of women with endometriosis will be infertile. 3. Pelvic/Tubal Adhesions Pelvic and tubal adhesions, as well as uterine and tubal abnormalities, contribute significantly to female infertility. Infectious processes within the abdomen majorly cause pelvic/tubal adhesions. Pelvic inflammatory disease is the most prevalent infectious process affecting infertility. Chlamydia trachomatis is the bacteria that carry the greatest risk of infertility in people with PID. 4. Uterine Causes It comprises polyps, fibroids, septum, and adhesions within the uterine cavity. Polyps and fibroids can appear anytime, whereas other abnormalities (such as a septum) are present from birth. Adhesions can arise following a procedure such as dilatation and curettage (D&C). 5. Autoimmune Disorders Autoimmune disorders cause the body's immune system to target normal body tissues. Lupus, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, and other kinds of thyroiditis, as well as rheumatoid arthritis, can all impact fertility. The causes are unknown and vary with each disease, although they are thought to involve inflammation in the uterus and placenta. Both men and women can produce antibodies that affect sperm or the reproductive organs. Medications To Treat Female Infertility Fertility medications are medications that regulate or induce ovulation. Fertility medications are the primary treatment for infertile women who have ovulation disorders. They stimulate ovulation as natural hormones like follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) do. They also trigger a healthier egg or an additional egg or eggs in women who ovulate. 1. Gonadotropin Therapy - It is a more intensive medication regimen for anovulatory diseases. Gonadotropins are useful as a second-line therapeutic option for women unable to conceive despite repeated cycles of clomiphene. These injectable treatments cause the ovary to produce a large number of eggs. Human chorionic gonadotropin is another gonadotropin that is used to mature the eggs and stimulate their release at the time of ovulation. There are concerns that gonadotropin use increases the chance of conceiving multiples and having a preterm delivery. 2. Clomiphene Citrate - When taken orally, this medication causes the pituitary gland to release more FSH and LH, stimulating the development of an ovarian follicle carrying a healthy egg. This is typically the first line of treatment for women under the age of 39 who do not have PCOS Certain other medications are also used to treat infertility in females. Besides medications and lifestyle changes, IVF procedures are also beneficial in treating infertility. Hucog HP 5000IU injection treats anovulatory infertility (ovulation failure) caused by pituitary/hypothalamic abnormalities. It can be caused by chemotherapy, trauma, surgery, TB, or genetic causes. In females, this injection stimulates follicular development and ovulation. Hucog 5000IU Injection is given throughout the second half of the cycle to maintain the functional integrity of the corpus luteum and to increase progesterone secretion. |
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