Menopause is defined as an event of aging that marks the end of the occurrence of the menstrual cycle in women. Menopause is confirmed only when a woman has not gone through her menstrual period for 12 months. Hence, it denotes the end of female reproductive years and is understood by the term that women lack the potential to become pregnant after menopause. The ideal age of menopause in women is around the late 40s to early 50s.
While menopause is a natural occurrence in women, in other ways, menopause is stated as the time during which the ovaries and female reproductive organs fail to produce eggs for fertilization. Besides this function, ovaries are also involved in the synthesis of hormones. The entire menstruation process is regulated by the female reproductive hormone estrogen and progesterone secreted by the ovaries. In women, as a part of natural aging, the functions of the ovaries tend to impair over the period and cause dysregulation in the levels of these female hormones. Estrogen is the hormone that plays a major role in fat metabolism in women by controlling blood cholesterol levels. After menopause, due to the impairment of the ovaries to make estrogen, only the fat tissues begin to produce estrogen. Hence, women who are overweight can develop elevated levels of estrogen. A few studies state that women being overweight or obese are at greater risk of getting breast cancer due to high levels of reproductive hormones involved in tumor growth. Besides causing cancer, obesity after menopause can cause a spike in insulin production, increasing the risk of many other cancers. It has been proclaimed that women being obese before menopause is at risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer. In contrast, women gaining weight post menopause are associated with a great risk of hormone-positive breast cancer. Breast cancer is classified based on the hormone status to decide the treatment plan. The hormone status of breast cancer is identified after performing a tumor biopsy. The hormone-positive breast cancer is fast-growing breast cancer that rapidly spreads to the neighboring organs. Hormone-positive breast cancer denotes that the breast cancer cells can have estrogen or progesterone receptors. The treatment involved in hormone-positive breast cancer involves hormonal therapy that aims to reduce estrogen levels. It is found that women with estrogen-positive breast cancer present with a better treatment outlook within a short duration. However, this type of breast cancer can reoccur many years after the treatment. Letrozole is one such drug that is involved in hormonal therapy. It works by blocking aromatase, an enzyme that plays a role in the overproduction of estrogen. Since the high amounts of the hormone fuel the growth of breast cancer, this drug reduces the increased expression of the hormones and retards the tumor development. Letall 2.5mg Tablet is a medicine used as first-line therapy for women with early and advanced breast cancer whose tumors are hormone receptor-positive. This medicine contains the active ingredient Letrozole. Letall 2.5mg Tablet can be used before surgery to shrink the tumor or after surgery to prevent cancer recurrence. Headache, hair thinning, loss of appetite, weight gain, sweating, dry skin, and dizziness are some common side effects of this medicine.
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What is leprosy? Leprosy is caused by a chronic bacterial infection caused by the bacteria mycobacterium leprae. It affects the nerves of extremities, skin, nose lining, and upper respiratory tract. Leprosy is otherwise known as Hansen’s disease. They usually produce ulcers in the skin, nerve damage, and muscle weakening. If it is not treated, it leads to disfigurement and disability. This disease was one among the oldest diseases and was discovered in 600 B.C.
The main symptoms of Hansen's disease are muscle weakness, skin lesions, skin ulcers, and numbness in the hands, feet, arms, and legs. Skin lesions don't respond to heat, cold, or pain as they become numb. The skin looks reddened and inflamed due to ulcers. Skin also shows light-colored or red-colored patches, joint pain, and disfiguring skin sores, often seen in patients with leprosy. These symptoms don't heal, and it continues for several weeks Does Hansen's disease spread? As known already, mycobacterium leprae is the bacterium that usually causes leprosy. It spreads through close contact with the infected person, and it spreads through the mucosal secretion of the person with the infection. It happens through the droplet infection that spreads through coughing or sneezing from the individual who is left untreated for a long time. Mycobacterium leprae which multiplies very slowly and has an average incubation period (which is the time between the infection and first symptoms that is observed after infection). What are the different types of Hansen’s disease? There are 3 types of Hansen's disease: tuberculoid Hansen's disease, lepromatous Hansen's disease, and borderline Hansen's disease. In tuberculoid Hansen's disease, the infections exhibit fewer lesions, where the disease is mild and less contagious. Lepromatous Hansen's disease affects all the areas of the skin, underlying nerves, and other organs. The nodules look like lumps and bumps, and this type of leprosy is more contagious. In the last type, both the symptoms from the tuberculoid type and lepromatous type are combined and seen in borderline Hansen's disease. How will you diagnose Hansen's disease? The doctor will conduct a physical examination and observe for telltale signs and symptoms of the disease. Another diagnostic method is the biopsy, where a small portion of skin or a lesion is removed and sent for laboratory testing. A lepromin skin test is performed by injecting a small amount of bacterium, which is in an inactive form that causes leprosy in the region of the forearm. Patients with leprosy will show a positive reaction at the injection site after infusion. The treatment plan for leprosy includes multi-drug therapy formulated by WHO in 1995 to cure all types of Hansen's disease. Multi-drug therapy is a combination therapy where several antibiotics are added to kill bacteria that cause leprosy. The doctor will prescribe more than one antibiotic at the same time. Several antibiotics include, dapsone, clofazimine, minocycline, rifampin, ofloxacin and also anti-inflammatory medication is taken in addition to antibiotics. Thalix 50mg Capsule is used to reduce inflammation and regulate the immune system. This is used in the treatment of leprosy for treating skin lesions. They are used in moderate to severe leprosy and the prevention of the recurrence in skin lesions in leprosy. Some common side effects include anxiety, chills, confusion, dizziness, and lightheadedness. Inform your doctor before you use this medication if you are planning for pregnancy or you are pregnant since it causes birth defects. |
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